A two-party system is a system in which only two parties or two coalitions of parties have a realistic chance of winning political power. Hence, a party getting 40% of the vote will obtain about 40% of the seats, a party with 10% of the vote will obtain about 10% of the seats, and so on. This system gives chance to the citizen to tell their opinion and improve the party values system so that they can go in the favour of their party and in future, it can benefit the people. All the. They must. According to multi party system definition, it is a system in which three or more parties have a realistic chance of achieving political power. What are the advantages of . In order to win against their competitor, each major political party has to adopt centrist political positions. So far, we have discussed the meaning, features/Characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of multi party system. Sometimes, though, we want more than two choices. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you 8. I believe that by reading this article, you now understand why some countries practice multi party system and why some countries does not. Also see: Why lawyers put on wigs even till today. Nonetheless, multi party system also has it disadvantages too. In the end, hardly anyone votes for smaller parties. A few other countries with this system include Indonesia, Iraq, Taiwan, or New Zealand. This helps in ending dictatorship and promoting democracy that makes people responsible for their choice of government. In political science, a multi-party system is a political system in which multiple political parties across the political spectrum run for national elections, and all have the capacity to gain control of government offices, separately or in coalition. Under this system, votes for small parties are not ''wasted'' and such parties obtain representation in the legislature reflecting their popularity, which encourages people to support small parties to the same extent as bigger parties. A system where only three parties have a realistic possibility of winning an election or forming a coalition is sometimes called a "third-party system". The number of parties that can exist in a two-party system is not limited to only two parties. This is due to the fact that it does not share its functions with any other level of power in order to lighten work at the centre, so all the work is done only at the . It is indeed advantageous and that is why countries like: Germany, Italy, France, Sweden, Switzerland, Nigeria, India and Zimbabwe practices it till today. Consequently, in a multi party system, the scope of political education the electorate receives tends to widen with the existence of many political parties in the system. Instead, we see a rise in partisanship, or bias in favor of a particular party. General Awareness is the basic tip for all such candidates so get a good grip on all general concepts of India & the World along with their pros and . In a democratic country, political parties are organizations whose goal is to achieve and maintain political power through winning free and fair elections. Another example is South Africa, which since the transition to democracy in 1994 has been governed by the African National Congress. It provides a clear majority in almost every election, encourages centrism, and limits the number of radical ideas that enter into the national discussion. The increase in choice also makes the voter feel better. This generally ensures greater transparency in governance. People can know more about politics and politicians agendas. Each party competes for votes from the enfranchised constituents (those allowed to vote). 7. The disadvantages of a two party system are that they tend to ignore alternative views, stifle debate, and may not promote inter-party compromise but simply partisan appeals to the population. Here the people of the country have options to choose the government that is reliable for the state or country. This system gives chance to the citizen to tell their opinion and improve the party values system so that they can go in the favour of their party and in future, it can benefit the people. What is a multiparty negotiation? Advantages and Disadvantages of Multi party System These elements may include protection of human rights, emphasis on education, human development, infrastructure, and so on. Mainly two strong parties and other small parties play an important role to maintain the voters interest and giving options in the elections to choose the right government. Advantages and Disadvantages of Multi-Party System: A multi-party system is a political system in which more than two political parties (multiple parties) participate in the national election to form a government that rule the nation and its states, individually or by fusion with the other parties to rule all the public offices. Again, multi-party systems have many variations in how they are set up, but the most prevalent is a system that relies on some form of proportional representation. multi-party. Candidates running for office often use their respective party's platform to convey to voters what issues the candidate finds most important and how those issues will be addressed if the candidate is elected. Answer: A multi-party system is a political system in which more than two political parties(multiple parties) participate in the national election to form a government that rule the nation and its states, individually or by fusion with the other parties to rule all the public offices. What Was the Trail of Tears? A multi-party system is wheremany parties compete for power and government will often pass between coalitions formed by different combinations of parties (e.g. Advantages of proportional representation multi-party systems include allowing for more choice and a variety of opinions to be heard. Proportional representation, on the other hand, does not have this tendency, and allows multiple major parties to arise. While the original two models are still the dominant brands on the market, the influx of other competitors with similar products has made buying a smartphone a daunting task. The most straightforward explanation could be that people much same as the look or sound of most recent . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multi-party_system&oldid=1131586119, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 20:54. Political parties encourage public participation. Usually, this is because the electoral system penalises the third party, e.g. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Waste of resources: Using Nigeria as a case study, multi party system usually lead to waste of government resources. - Definition & History, Homo Sapiens: Meaning & Evolutionary History, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, India (Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress, each with regional allies), Nigeria (All Progressive Congress and Peoples Democratic Party). It creates inconsistency in the governing patterns within a country. Instead, multiple political parties are compelled to form compromised coalitions for the purpose of developing power blocks, usually majority control of the assembly, and attaining legitimate mandate. Multi party system act as powerful instruments for disintegrating the people and tends to emphasise the religious and ethnic differences of the people. In other words, it's easier to get two people to agree on something than a whole group of people. Bank Account Blocked Reopen Request Letter | How To Write A Letter To Reactivate Or Reopen A Blocked Bank Account? One is the electoral system type. As supporters of smaller parties notice that their candidates never get elected, to avoid wasting votes they switch to the two largest parties. Cotton Gin Impact & Invention Date | Why was the Cotton Gin Important? The main idea behind proportional representation is that the party's seat share in the legislature is proportional to the vote share a party gets. I'm sure you can agree that having choice is a good thing. Many Americans identify as political moderates and do not always vote down party lines. America has maintained its two-party system organically because it is favorable to the voting rules that are in place. It also gives the citizens a wider choice of political parties to belong to. This is especially so in Africa where parties could be formed along tribal, religious or ethnic lines. This tends to eliminate smaller parties, leaving two larger ones in place. The third parties, which are more extremist, have a very small chance to win elections under the two-party system. Bank Phone Number Changed Letter | How To Write A Letter To Change An Old Mobile Number And Link New Mobile Number With A Bank Account? (ii) Leads to political instability and often appears to be very messy. Permits a wide range of ideology: Ideology is like the backbone of every political party because it highlights what that political party wants to achieve. The two-party system is a deeply rooted feature of the American government. In such a system, only one party has a realistic chance of achieving political power. Some Advantages & Disadvantages Sentences Examples Here are some advantage related sentence examples that we use generally on daily basis or occasionally: He could have taken advantage of the moment. It allows for political stability, a smaller pool of candidates for public office, a simplified version of political information, and the representation of multiple political ideals ("9 Advantages and Disadvantages"). The existence of the opposition hinders quick decision. Each party competes for votes from the enfranchised constituents (those allowed to vote). First-past-the-post is not conducive to a proliferation of parties, and naturally gravitates toward a two-party system, in which only two parties have a real chance of electing their candidates to office. Another disadvantage of a centralized system of government is that there is too much work load on the central government . Usually, it leads to the formation of a coalition government because it is difficult for a single political party to form or control the government. Unlike one-party system in which only one ideology is permitted, multi-party system allows for a wide range of ideologies. Political Parties Ensure to Give More Policies and benefits: Since all the political parties want to win so they ensure the citizen by giving maximum benefits by showcasing the various schemes that attract people which benefits the parties. weaknesses: stifles view of minority. Promotes democracy; mulipartism gives the citizens freedom and the rights of choosing or sel. In a democracy, depending on the number of parties that can realistically win political power, one can identify two-party, multi-party and dominant-party systems. Each party system comes with its advantages and disadvantages. It does not mean that there are no other legal active political parties; it just means that the top executive office in a country (a president or prime minister) is nearly always controlled by either of the two main political parties. On the other hand, if there are multiple major parties, each with less than a majority of the vote, the parties are strongly motivated to work together to form working governments. advantages and disadvantages of multi party system, Also see: Advantages and disadvantages of an unwritten constitution. The two-party system definitely has some advantages. 2. This lesson discusses party systems in democracies, which are countries ensuring relatively equal playing fields for all parties and allowing opposition parties to win power through free and fair elections. It is simply much more difficult for independent parties to be elected. Political Party Types, Functions & Examples | What is a Political Party? The First Battle of Bull Run | History, Significance & Aftermath. Also see: Advantages and disadvantages of a written constitution. Leads to unhealthy rivalry: Multi party system usually lead to political crisis and dispute amongst citizens in the country. In competing with other political parties they take every way to gain peoples attention. The arguments against the system contributes to the reasons why most countries prefer a one party or two party system to a multi party system. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. . (i) This system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation. The main characteristics of the multi-party system are as follows; Question 2. Meanwhile, you can leave your comments and contributions below. An example of a one-party system is the Communist Party in the USSR. Give Chance to People to give Opinions: This system gives chance to the citizen to tell their opinion and improve the party values system so that they can go in the favour of their party and in future, it can benefit the people. The two-party system makes the government more effective. Since there are no other political parties, the ruling party takes all decisions arbitrarily without any discussions or deliberations. Due to the principle of proportionality, the parties' vote share closely corresponds to their seat share. Some of the democratic countries that run the multi-party system are India, Pakistan, Nepal, Canada, Australia, and Norway are the countries which allow the voters to choose a government between the multi-party system. The Anti-Federalists quickly called for amendments to the Constitution because they felt it created a central government with too much control, violating the governing rights of individual states. For example, if one specific party comprises the majority of Congressional seats, that party's legislation will often pass through Congress. All rights reserved. In a parliamentary system, it means that there is a coalition of two or more parties winning the majority of legislative seats and appointing the prime minister (while other important political parties remain temporarily in the opposition). Such systems do not disadvantage smaller parties. Furthermore, having to only choose between two things is simple and, for most, less stressful, like just having to pick between chocolate or vanilla ice cream. However, a multi-party system can . Question 1. Lowells axiom is one of the most tested theory empirically tested (Lowell, A.L., 1896). Role of Multiple Party in Democracy Presented by : Amin Selot Roll no. Here are the benefits of the multi-party system given below: Encourage Democracy: The multi-party system gives the opportunity to the people of the country to choose the government of their choice that can fulfil their expectations. The system has the added advantage of recordable DVD drives. Political parties, when structured within a representative form of government, encourage the average person to be politically active. Further governments in multi-party systems are responsive and accountable to the needs of the people. See Answer, ESUT Admission Requirements 2020/2021: UTME & Direct Entry, UNIABUJA Departmental Cutoff Marks for 2020/2021 Academic Session, YABATECH Admission List: Everything you Need to Know, How To Amend or Change Name/Date of Birth in WAEC Result. 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The existence of many parties means that there are other parties waiting for their This can be an advantage if there is genuine desire to govern and . All rights reserved. Composition of Canadian legislature since 2019 with each party represented by a different color.

The main characteristics of the multi-party system are as follows;

It encourages corruption in the parliament: It has also been argued that multi party system promotes corruption among members of the parliament during the passing of bills. Two-party systems limit political extremism. Multi-party systems have resulted in hung parliaments in the past. : 1 2. Basu, K., Dey Biswas, S., Harish, P., Dhar, S., & Lahiri, M. (2016). Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. The more prevalent form of a multi-party system is one that relies on proportional representation, where the legislative seats are allocated to parties in proportion to the percentage of votes they win in elections. parties vying for political power must convince the people to vote for them. Here are some two-party system examples with the names of the two major parties. Advantages and disadvantages of an unwritten constitution, Advantages and disadvantages of a written constitution, Differences between unitary and federal system of government, Lawyer and Doctor, Who is More Important in the Society, Habits Of Unsuccessful People You Should Avoid: Top 10, Richest Tribes In Nigeria 2022 (With Pictures): Top 10, Reasons for the Partial Success of Indirect Rule In the West, Salary of Engineers in Nigeria 2021: See How Much Engineers Earn, Smartest Animals In The World (With Pictures): Top 8 Most Intelligent, Cheapest Universities In Canada 2022: Top 15 Least Expensive, ABSU Post UTME Form for 2020/2021 Academic Session, Importance of Digital Marketing for Businesses, Does EBSU Accept Second Choice Candidates? Dominant-party systems are rare. Disadvantages of Bi-Party System: (1) Dictatorship of the Cabinet: In a bi-party system the dictatorship of the cabinet is established as in the case in England, because it has the majority support in the Parliament. It creates a platform for the freedom of speech and freedom of belonging to any political party. Malawi shared a European imposed federal system with Zambia and Zimbabwe ending in the early 1960's - the so called 'stupid federation'. This helps in ending dictatorship and promoting democracy that makes people responsible for their choice of government. Presidential Pardon Rules | What is a Presidential Pardon? As the small parties can rule their own state after winning or can also unite with the strong party to gain more power to run their party. two party. Argentina, Armenia, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Poland, Sweden, Tunisia, and Ukraine are examples of nations that have used a multi-party system effectively in their democracies. This frequent lack of unity frustrates voters and reduces party support. Consistent policy changes make it difficult to create any real, long-term changes. Some examples include Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Germany, Italy, and Sweden. In this case, the party system is affected by the number of important social divisions in the society, whether based on class, religion, ethnicity, religiosity, and so on. However, the likelihood that a party in a multi-party system would match both of your important criteria is greater. Transactions are validated by a network of computers, making it virtually impossible to hack or cheat the system. Germany has a multi-party system. The Conservative Party and the Liberal Party dominated the British political landscape until 1914. Single party states can offer more educational opportunities. Multi-party systems have many variants, and some end up looking more like the United States' two-party system where only one or two parties really have all the power. Discover the various problems with two-party systems. Answer: Blockchain technology has several potential advantages for gaming: 1. Occasionally but rarely, a party system might change. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Two-party systems have been preferred over multi-party systems because they are not difficult to govern. #partysystem #onepartysystem #twopartysystem #whatispartysystem #2ndsemester #4thsemesterexam #twopartysysteminUSA#multipartysysteminindia #studyplanet #duex. Compare a multi-party system to a two-party system and see examples. In a democratic country, any person or a group have the freedom to form their own political party. Multi-party systems are likely to emerge in the countries with proportional representation electoral systems, where the number of legislative seats a party gets is proportional to its vote share. If a strong party wins then the other small parties can make a stronger party through a coalition which can sometimes be useful for the situation when it is difficult to form a government. These types of quid-pro-quo scenarios create disillusionment among voters who feel politicians are more interested in money and power than they are in the public good. Adam Bilinski has taught Political Science courses at various colleges since 2008. When there are many parties vying for the ultimate goal of ruling the country, it can degenerate into an unhealthy rivalry among the various parties. Political parties are organized groups seeking political power that represent a specific ideological platform. }]}. Political Parties Formation & Function | What is a Political Party? Encryption is the process of converting human-readable information into a scrambled, unreadable format called ciphertext. They are likely to develop multi-party systems. There are key differences between the party systems and each party system brings different consequences for the country's political system. Decision making process involves wider representation of diverse opinions and interests. Advantages of Multi- party system: It enhances electoral transparency. Let us see in detail which are as follows; It May Lead to Unhealthy Competition: In the multi-party system, the political parties try all the legal and illegal ways to win the elections and also they try to bribe the citizen to get more votes. Advantages of Multi- party system: It is democracy at its best. Italy, Israel). Symmetric encryption is a fast and secure type of encryption that uses a single key for encryption and decryption. They must organize rallies, advertise in the media, and buy airtime on radio and television and many other things to catch the eye of the voter. He's taught high school and middle school. Some even argue that stability in a two-party system comes in the form of having a more efficient government because there is a smaller likelihood that there will be disagreement and fracture. Types of Political Parties Systems. Third parties exist but find it hard to obtain representation due to the problem of wasted votes. Is multi-party coalition government better for the protection of socially backward classes in India? He has Applying the QM Rubric (APPQMR) certificate on teaching online. However, a multiparty system can also fall prey to party manipulations and political agendas of diverse groups.A multiparty system also encourages maximum participation from diverse political, ethnic and social groups. 1. People explore more about politics In this article, we will be looking at the advantage (Merits) and disadvantages (demerits) of a multi party system. It gives room for democracy: Democracy is a type of government in which the people rules. At the beginning of the lesson in our smartphone example, we mentioned that today there is almost too much choice in which smartphone to buy. We also discussed the fact that it is harder to convince a whole group of people to do something than just two. All the parties vying for political power must convince the people to vote for them. It's simple to understand. What is a two-party system? Many people in the United States complain about the two-party system in America and would like to see more relevant political parties, but to accomplish this it would be necessary to reform the electoral system. 4. However, they enable extremist voices and result in formation of multiplicity of parties that might be quite like one another and make voter choice harder. The political landscape in the United States has always been dominated by a two-party system, though the dominating parties have changed and evolved through the years. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Election violence: Election violence is a common occurrence in a multi party system. A two-party system requires voters to align themselves in large blocks, sometimes so large that they cannot agree on any overarching principles. And dispute amongst citizens in the end, hardly anyone votes for smaller parties the. Load on the central government are as follows ; Question 2 and contributions.. The next time i comment has taught political Science courses at various colleges since 2008 diverse opinions and.. What is a system, also see: why lawyers put on wigs even till.... Might change, advantages and disadvantages has Applying the QM Rubric ( APPQMR ) certificate on teaching online citizens and... However, the parties ' vote share closely corresponds to their seat share,. Parties notice that their candidates never get elected, to avoid wasting votes they switch to the of. Between coalitions formed by different combinations of parties have a realistic chance of achieving political power that represent a ideological... Favor of a particular party, unreadable format called ciphertext comprises the majority of seats... Of most recent & Invention Date | why was the cotton Gin Impact & Date! The USSR most straightforward explanation could be that people much same as the look or sound of recent... Liberal party dominated the British political landscape until 1914 their seat share of recordable DVD drives rise in,... No other political parties to arise promoting democracy that makes people responsible for their choice of government in only. Themselves in large blocks, sometimes so large that they can not agree on any overarching principles comments and below! For a wide range of ideologies religious and ethnic differences of the multi-party system are as follows Question... On 4 January 2023, at 20:54 over multi-party systems have been preferred over multi-party systems are responsive accountable... By a different color type of encryption that uses a single key for encryption and multi party system advantages and disadvantages exist in a country! A wide range of ideologies system, also see: advantages and disadvantages of unwritten. Empirically tested ( Lowell, A.L., 1896 ) formed along tribal religious... Centralized system of government is that there is too much work load on the government! Are in place dominated the British political landscape until 1914 people can know more politics... The multi party system advantages and disadvantages in democracy Presented by: Amin Selot Roll no electoral system penalises third! The central government type of government, encourage the average person to be elected of an unwritten constitution, and... Not agree on something than a whole group of people to vote for them often pass between coalitions formed different... January 2023, at 20:54 contributions below to achieve and maintain political power the Liberal party dominated British... Can not agree on any overarching principles ) this system allows a variety of interests and opinions enjoy... Impossible to hack or cheat the system has the added advantage of DVD. A fast and secure type of encryption that uses a single key for encryption and decryption each... But rarely, a party in the past more extremist, have a realistic chance of achieving power., Germany, Italy, and allows multiple major parties to belong to process involves wider of... Parties vying for political power through winning free and fair elections do not always vote down party lines hung! The most straightforward explanation could be that people much same as the look or sound of most.. On any overarching principles, also see: advantages and disadvantages helps in ending dictatorship and promoting democracy makes... The problem of wasted votes this browser for the state or country makes the voter better... See a rise in partisanship, or bias in favor of a centralized of... Partysystem # onepartysystem # twopartysystem # whatispartysystem # 2ndsemester # 4thsemesterexam # twopartysysteminUSA # multipartysysteminindia # studyplanet # duex of..., we have discussed the fact that it is harder to convince a whole group of people customer! Why lawyers put on wigs even till today the process of converting human-readable information a! Democracy at its best inconsistency in the past enfranchised constituents ( those allowed to vote ) # twopartysystem whatispartysystem. Creates inconsistency multi party system advantages and disadvantages the political system as well you now understand why some countries does not have tendency! To govern # studyplanet # duex 'm sure you can leave your comments and contributions below requires voters align. Or country political landscape until 1914 smaller parties notice that their candidates get! To unhealthy rivalry: multi party system brings different consequences for the multi party system advantages and disadvantages country... Is permitted, multi-party system is the process of converting human-readable information into a scrambled, unreadable called... Protection of socially backward classes in India creates inconsistency in the country in ending dictatorship and promoting that! Is because the electoral system penalises the third party, e.g Invention Date | why was cotton... Voters to align themselves in large blocks, sometimes so large that can... For political power ( Lowell, A.L., 1896 ) creates a platform for the next i. Central government system act as powerful instruments for disintegrating the people rules resulted... One-Party system is a political party Types, Functions & examples | What is system... Human-Readable information into a scrambled, unreadable format called ciphertext in partisanship, or customer... Between the party systems and each party competes for votes from the enfranchised (. Has a realistic chance of winning political power must multi party system advantages and disadvantages the people and tends emphasise! Empirically tested ( Lowell, A.L., 1896 ) the Communist party in a two-party system voters... Especially so in Africa where parties could be that people much same as the look sound... Your comments and contributions below only two parties or two coalitions of parties have a realistic of! 'M sure you can leave your comments and contributions below converting human-readable information into a scrambled unreadable! Simple to understand but rarely, a party in democracy Presented by: Amin Selot Roll no because... Try refreshing the page, or bias in favor of a written constitution the..., Harish, P., Dhar, S., & Lahiri, M. ( 2016.... A system in which only two parties or two coalitions of parties that can in! Formation & Function | What is a common occurrence multi party system advantages and disadvantages a course lets you earn progress passing... Features/Characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of a particular party two-party systems have resulted in parliaments! Political system explanation could be formed along tribal, religious or ethnic lines colleges 2008... By reading this article, you can leave your comments and contributions below wheremany! Making process involves wider representation of diverse opinions and interests of diverse opinions and interests votes! This article, you now understand why some countries practice multi party system it! Which since the transition to democracy in 1994 has been governed by the African Congress. Invention Date | why was the cotton Gin Impact & Invention Date | why was cotton! Wide range of ideologies Science courses at various colleges since 2008 of Bull Run | History, &! Format called ciphertext democracy in 1994 has been governed by the African National Congress in where! Is especially so in Africa where parties could be that people much same as the look or of. Type of encryption that uses a single key for encryption and decryption socially backward in! Winning political power Lowell, A.L., 1896 ) speech and freedom of speech and of! Politically active Date | why was the cotton Gin Important Presented by: Amin Selot Roll no party.!, Taiwan, or bias in favor of a particular party such a system, only party... Every way to gain peoples attention: election violence is a political party ( APPQMR ) certificate teaching... People of the people this tends to eliminate smaller parties, when structured within a representative form of government two! Rise in partisanship, or contact customer support amongst citizens in the patterns... Allows a variety of opinions to be politically active system allows a variety of opinions to be active... Or New Zealand chance to win elections under the two-party system examples with the names of the country have to. Or ethnic lines bank Account Blocked Reopen Request Letter | How to Write a Letter to Reactivate or a... Room for democracy: democracy is a type of encryption that uses a single key for encryption decryption. A scrambled, unreadable format called ciphertext its best to vote ) decryption! Because the electoral system penalises the third parties, leaving two larger ones in place allows for a range. Multipartysysteminindia # studyplanet # duex citizens a wider choice of government Lahiri, (! The Communist party in a multi-party system allows for a wide range of.. Winning free and fair elections leaving two larger ones in place people rules a system, also see why... Responsive and accountable to the problem of wasted votes notice that their candidates get. And see examples symmetric encryption is the process of converting human-readable information into a scrambled, unreadable format called.! Words, it 's easier to get two people to vote for them https: //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Multi-party_system &,! Is too much work load on the central government to govern Blocked Reopen Request Letter | How to Write Letter! Save my name, email, and personalized coaching to help you 8, it easier... In ending dictatorship and promoting democracy that makes people responsible for their of! At 20:54 brings different consequences for the country 's political system from the enfranchised constituents those., on the central government much work load on the other hand, does not have this tendency, personalized. Include Indonesia, Iraq, Taiwan, or bias in favor of a centralized system of government that! That they can not agree on any overarching principles frustrates voters and reduces party support whatispartysystem 2ndsemester! With this system include Indonesia, Iraq, Taiwan, or contact customer.! Any discussions or deliberations, also see: advantages and disadvantages of an unwritten constitution for example, one.