They didnt know where it was erupting and therefore it was necessary (A-E). Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects: Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day. Included in this section is 2008 data derived from Bird et al., (2011) from the communities of Slheimar and lftaver. The results section is presented under the three subsections: 2010 Eyjafjallajkull survey, 2016 interviews and the changing demographics of South Iceland. Describe the hazards faced by people who live close to a named volcano. 6.5 km (4 mi) Iceland: 6.6 Km ESE of Brarbunga. This paper draws on these learnings to consider future response to an evacuation order with respect to a regions recent experience of responding to evacuation orders. In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. Communities impacted by jkulhlaup (flood) inundation and ash fall exceeding 1cm (from Bird et al., 2018). This volcano eruption took place in Iceland. And I have the same feeling about Katla (A-E). Sometimes beginning with an . They are so enthusiastic. Hence, memories of a significant experience, e.g., that relating to the Eyjafjallajkull eruption, may influence peoples response to a future event, e.g., a catastrophic Katla eruption. If a volcanic eruption happens again, they will have better control over the entire air space. Available: http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Samfelag/Samfelag__vinnumarkadur__3_arstolur/VIN01111.px. Bull Volcanol 70:605621, Haynes K, Coates L, Oliveira FDD, Gissing A, Bird D, Honert RVD, Radford D, Darcy R, Smith C (2016) An analysis of human fatalities from floods in Australia 1900-2015. Map produced by rds Hgnadttir. In 2021, Iceland experienced a magnificent eruption on the Reykjanes peninsula, the land that connects Reykjavik with Keflavik International Airport.In the weeks before its explosion, tens and thousands of earthquakes shook the capital and surrounding areas - normally a surefire forecast of imminent volcanic activities. Again, evacuation orders were disseminated via the automated phone alert system with approximately 800 residents complying before daybreak on 14 April 2010. 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. However, they chose to stay at home because they were caring for elderly parents who were unwell. comm. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 10:407420, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2004) Communicating environmental risk in multiethnic communities. It was not only the darkness but also the noise of the eruption for the children and animals. Yeah! [stated in a very blas tone] (A-E). I would like to see more emphasis on this, like volcanic activity, geothermal, everything geography in Iceland because were having the tourists now [But] we have our children who are not finding out about those things. Coupled with the changing social characteristics, this paper provides a unique perspective of how residents may behave when faced with future evacuation orders. Possible causes of climate change: natural factors - orbital changes, volcanic activity and solar output. While the sample size may seem small, it is a reflection of this sparsely populated rural area (as evidenced by the number of inhabitants given in Fig. On 20th March 2010, Eyjafjallajkull burst into life after nearly 190 years of inactivity. Often causes fires. In contrast, the local rescue team is more prominent within the community as they are active all year round. The eruption has prompted further research into air craft design. We were though temporarily isolated because the road connection broke. I was concerned about the horses I found it terrifying and I feared that the ash would [continue to increase in quantity] (). Furthermore, South Icelands Hekla, Katla, Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes (Fig. I dont think that anyone around here was afraid. That is, these communities look to each other for guidance and support during times of crisis. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. I started to explain to them what happened, why we evacuated in such a hurryI waited to see the response and get the anger but it was quite the opposite. lftaver lies within the eastern jkulhlaup hazard zone for a Katla eruption and was the first community to be blanketed by ash fall during the Eyjafjallajkull summit eruption. Iceland is not big so it should be possible to teach (A-E). Because of this, officials have faith that residents will comply with evacuation orders when given, as they did during the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. In: Fearnley CJ, Bird DK, Haynes K, Mcguire WJ, Jolly G (eds) Observing the volcano world: volcano crisis communication. The kids they can learn everything. Europe experienced air travel chaos for almost one month as much of the continent ground to a standstill. Subsequently, a risk map was created that assessed and identified areas around the volcano that was specifically vulnerable if another eruption was going to occur, so people won't choose to build in these . Youre told to evacuate and you do that. ; A volcanic observatory was built to monitor the volcano. Nevertheless, officials were pleased with public response. Many respondents had lived at their address (during surveying) all their lives with almost two-thirds having lived there 30 years or more and most having family in the region for two or more generations, with the longest at seven generations. Additional localised disruption continued into May 2010, and eruptive activity persisted until June 2010. Importantly, there is greater trust in those responsible for public safety, i.e., local police and the DCPEM. Because there is no history of disaster in all the three eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. Long-term responses . volume4, Articlenumber:151 (2018) To reopen airspace, European aviation authorities endorsed the creation of a new type of concentration chart advisory product that delineated hazard zones based on dispersion model output of ash concentrations. I dont think they realise the risk of an eruption (A-E). Also, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. This paper considers how residents might respond to future evacuation orders by examining the results of that survey against the changing demographic, economic and political structure of South Iceland. They could hardly do it differently. 0.0 / 5. Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. Conducted as a more open interview than the rigorous 2010 interviews, the 2016 interviews lasted between 17 and 57min. long term responses. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents levels of trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5458). Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. The search for the six people still missing around the 3,067 meter peak of the volcano on the. Sage, Thousand Oaks, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2012) The protective action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence. An immediate evacuation was considered critical, given the assessment showed that inhabited areas may be flooded by a jkulhlaup within an hour of an eruption commencing in Eyjafjallajkull (Sigursson et al., 2011). Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents perception of the levels of preparedness for a Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5456). However, the changing economic, demographic and political landscape will test this phenomenon. This may be particularly apparent if their patrons are out sightseeing and are therefore unaccountable, which is just as likely during the night (e.g., on a Northern Lights tour) as it is during the day. While interviewees stated that available resources were insufficient in dealing with the increased number of tourists visiting the area they also raised concerns relating to the amalgamation of districts on 1 January 2015. The items of import to this paper are: demographics; impact of the eruptions; receipt of cues and warnings; public response; perceived levels of coping; and, perceptions of the future. This unrealistic optimistic bias, where people consider themselves less vulnerable than others in their community (Paton et al. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (Humanit Soc Sci Commun) Please note, due to time pressures the community of Skgar (Austur- Eyjafjll) was not included in this study. The points raised in the following excerpt taken from one interview with a resident were echoed by several other respondents. One of the semi-structured interviews revealed that while the respondent marked on the questionnaire that they had evacuated, in reality, they had not. The research also highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours. The PADM shows that decision-making is initiated by environmental cues (e.g., the sight or sound of an eruption), social cues (e.g., neighbours evacuating) and/or warnings (e.g., official advice to evacuate). Communication and risk mitigation strategies must also be tailored to meet the changing populations needs. That is, based on media reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them more vulnerable. At 9:30 p.m. on March 19, 2021 Case study of the Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland in 2010. Unfortunately this lesson is no longer available. Silicosis is a disease resulting in lung impairment and scarring, from exposure to particles of free crystalline silica. Sitting on the ring of fire, Iceland is known to be prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. High tech equipment is now used to measure volcanic activity Warning systems A text message system, where it warns people within 30 mins of the volcano if there will be an eruption. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Paton D, Johnston DM, Bebbington MS, Lai C-D, Houghton BF (2001) Direct and vicarious experience of volcanic hazards: implications for risk perception and adjustment adoption. As Bird et al., (2010) found, foreigners are often not aware of the fact that volcanoes lie underneath some of Icelands glaciers and as such, are not aware of jkulhlaup risk nor are they aware of the risk of lightning and poisonous gases. . In 2016, the number of tourists was 4.5 times the country's population. 2008, Sjberg, 2000, Weinstein, 1987), may be directly linked to residents predicting their future vulnerability based on their personal experience of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. These eruptions, however, did not occur without warning. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Stjrnarr slands (2014b) Regluger. There is also economic change occurring with respect to peoples livelihoods. People can lose their possessions as . In April 2010 the ash cloud from Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull volcano triggered the biggest aviation shutdown in Europe since World War II. The computer showed it was all very quiet (O). The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. A volcanic eruption in Iceland is continuing to ground flights in the UK and Europe, but 227 years ago a far more devastating eruption occurred wiping out a fifth of the island's population - as well as tens of thousands across Europe. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll received this second time came from DCPEM/police (50% A-E; 58% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (28% A-E; 8% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 8% V-E). This research was conducted in accordance with Human Research Ethics Regulations outlined by the University of Iceland and involved obtaining informed consent from all participants. Also if they told us there was a huge, huge snowstorm coming like in the West Fjords and we could have an avalanche. In some instances, the sweepers provide the only link between emergency management officials and the community (Bird et al., 2009b), further bolstering the work of the rescue teams at the local level. The inherent challenges this enhanced diversity brings with respect to developing risk mitigation strategies cannot be ignored. They are the future who should be taking over (A-E). Sociol Theory 19:123, Article Vulnerability to natural hazard risk is complex. The IVATF finished its work in June 2012, and a record of its results is available. Hazard management of the Iceland eruption Our results here showing an increase in perceived preparedness and decrease in perception of risk associated with damage to property and home may stem from the relatively low impacts of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and the fact that residents believed they coped moderately well, in general. The capital region consists of Reykjavk, Seltjarnarnes, Kpavogur, Hafnarfjrur, Gararbr, Mosfellsbr, lftanes and Kjsahreppur. The relatively small, homogenous population of Iceland coupled with its peoples desire to cooperate contributed to this success. I dont think they [Icelandic children] think enough about their own country. One long-term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9:251266, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2011) Different communities, different perspectives: Issues affecting residents response to a volcanic eruption in southern Iceland. Aust J Emerg Manag 29:5055, Bird D, Ling M, Haynes K (2012) Flooding Facebookthe use of social media during the Queensland and Victorian floods. Currently, concentration charts have only been adopted for operational use in Europe and the North Atlantic region, as outlined in Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. Find out why The municipalities encompassing the South region include Sveitarflagi Hornafjrur, Vestmannaeyjar, Sveitarflagi rborg, Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur, sahreppur, Rangring eystra, Rangring ytra, Hrunamannahreppur, Hverageri, Sveitarflagi lfus, Grmsnes- og Grafningshreppur, Skeia- og Gnpverjahreppur, Blskgabygg and Flahreppur. Also in response to Eyjafjallajkull's impact on air travel, ICAO formed the International Volcanic Ash Task Force (IVATF) in May 2010, charging it to examine how best to define hazardous airspace and manage aviation risk. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Sigfsdttir ID, Thorlindsson T, Kristjnsson L, Roe KM, Allegrante JP (2009) Substance use prevention for adolescents: the Icelandic Model. This is particularly pertinent among those that have immigrated from abroad. While 2010 respondents believed it is more likely a Katla eruption will occur in the next 10 years, they perceived less damage would occur particularly in relation to their property (Fig. Tierney KJ, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2001) Facing the unexpected: disaster preparedness and response in the United States. Overall, residents believed they coped rather well with the eruptions (Table 3). That is, we endeavoured to capture perspectives from every permanent household within these communities. Some questions regarding Katla were retained because the Katla hazard zones cover the same communities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. It May Be About to Erupt - Newstimepaper, This week 17,000 earthquakes struck southwestern Iceland. Considering future response in this region is important given Katla is renowned as one of Iceland's most dangerous volcanoes due to its potential to produce catastrophic jkulhlaup (>100,000. Learn. The ash plume from the eruption reached as high as 7km into the air, and the glass-rich ash caused major disruptions in air travel. This evacuation could be listed as disorganised (A-E). As our results indicate, political changes have resulted in a lack of available resources for police, civil defence and emergency management. Another noteworthy change in the population structure of the South region is the increase in migration. But foremost you felt powerlessness, tranquillity, and respect towards nature (V-E). Environmental cues, observed and communicated by farmers in Fljtshl as a fire on top of the mountain, were the first notification that alerted officials and monitoring scientists that an eruption had commenced on 20 March 2010. Enzyme Time, South-West Iceland's Been Hit by 17,000 Earthquakes This Week. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Brint S (2001) Gemeinschaft revisited: a critique and reconstruction of the community concept. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull (pronounced "AY-yah-fyah . Overall, these eruptions have prompted the aviation industry, regulators, and scientists to work more closely together to improve the manner in which hazardous airspace is defined, forecast, and communicated. With respect to the future, respondents were asked about how they viewed preparedness for a Katla eruption. As soon as we knew when the flood had come we told the people that we would let them go home and feed their animals. On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. Routledge, New York, Wood MM, Mileti DS, Kano M, Kelley MM, Regan R, Bourque LB (2012) Communicating actionable risk for terrorism and other hazards. We are not worried about the people living here because they know what do to, but the tourists, theres a lot of them and were afraid (O). 2). Even where compliance did not occur, residents showed respect for authority and the jobs they were undertaking, despite the errors and confusion. Others chose to stay home because they did not believe the warnings and/or evacuation plan were relevant to them. Residents in Slheimar and lftaver stated they were not required to evacuate. Experience prior to and during the flank eruption that began on 20th March in Fimmvruhls; Experience prior to and during the summit eruption that began on 14th April under Eyjafjallajkull; Impacts of the eruptions on you, your family and property; Use of various media sources for acquiring information about the possibility of a future Katla/Eyjafjallajkull eruption; Perceived level of preparedness for a future Katla eruption; Perceived possibility of a future Katla eruption and its effects; Trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption. The first of these events began on 20 March 2010 and consisted of a 24-day long flank eruption at Fimmvruhls (Fig. Never in my whole life have I been in such darkness. Stakeholders in the air traffic industry were forced to reevaluate policies, safety standards, and guidelines and to seek new methods for data collection. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, Nordvulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavk, Iceland, You can also search for this author in I found it necessary to ascend the 200-meter hight Mt. Accessed 1 Dec 2017, Statistics Iceland (2017b) Internal migration between regions by sex and age 1986-2016-Division into municipalites as of 1 January 2017. http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__buferlaflutningar__buferlaflinnanlands__buferlaflinnanlands/MAN01002.px.
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